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Topic 2B 1 Enzymes February 2025 Learning outcomes • Students should understand that enzymes are proteins and that they are biological catalysts. • They should also know that there are intracellular enzymes that calalyze reactions inside cells and extracellular enzymes that catalyze reactions outside cells. • We covered concepts on proteins and swa that these biological molecules are made up of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. • The also stated that enzymes have a primary, secondary, tertiary and even quaternary structure. Enzymes • Complex protein shapes such as secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures are held together by a combination of bonds including hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions and Van der vaals interactions. • Proteins carry out numbers of functions in cells including as receptors, transporters, channels, defense against pathogens and diseases and some are enzymes. • What are enzymes? • Enzymes are biological catalysts which are proteins that change rates of a reaction without changing the substance produced. • A catalyst is a substance which speeds up a chemical reaction but remains unchanged itself and is unaffected at the end of reaction and it can be used again. • Enzymes are biological catalysts which control the rate of the reactions that occur in individual cells and in whole organisms. • In some cases such as fungi and flies which digest their food outside their bodies, the enzymes are secreted by the

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